Xenon

Xenon is a actinic aspect with the attribute Xe and diminutive cardinal 54. The aspect name is arresting comedy /ˈzɛnɒn/ zen-on or /ˈziːnɒn/ zee-non. A colorless, heavy, odorless blue-blooded gas, xenon occurs in the Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts.6 Although about unreactive, xenon can abide

a few actinic reactions such as the accumulation of xenon hexafluoroplatinate, the aboriginal blue-blooded gas admixture to be synthesized.789



Naturally occurring xenon consists of nine abiding isotopes. There are additionally over 40 ambiguous isotopes that abide radioactive decay. The isotope ratios of xenon are an important apparatus for belief the aboriginal history of the Solar System.10 Radioactive xenon-135 is produced from iodine-135 as a aftereffect of nuclear fission, and it acts as the best cogent neutron cushion in nuclear reactors.11

Xenon is acclimated in beam lamps12 and arc lamps,13 and as a accepted anesthetic.14 The aboriginal excimer laser architecture acclimated a xenon dimer atom (Xe2) as its lasing medium,15 and the ancient laser designs acclimated xenon beam lamps as pumps.16 Xenon is additionally actuality acclimated to chase for academic abominably interacting massive particles17 and as the propellant for ion thrusters in spacecraft.18

History

Xenon was apparent in England by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and English chemist Morris Travers on July 12, 1898, anon afterwards their analysis of the elements krypton and neon. They begin Xenon in the balance larboard over from abbreviating apparatus of aqueous air.1920 Ramsay appropriate the name xenon for this gas from the Greek chat ξένον xenon, alter atypical anatomy of ξένος xenos, acceptation 'foreign(er)', 'strange(r)', or 'guest'.2122 In 1902, Ramsay estimated the admeasurement of xenon in the Earth's atmosphere as one allotment in 20 million.23During the 1930s, American architect Harold Edgerton began exploring strobe ablaze technology for aerial acceleration photography. This led him to the apparatus of the xenon beam lamp, in which ablaze is

generated by sending a abrupt electrical accepted through a tube abounding with xenon gas. In 1934, Edgerton was able to accomplish flashes as abrupt as one microsecond with this method.122425

Characteristics

Xenon has diminutive cardinal 54; that is, its basis contains 54 protons. At accepted temperature and pressure, authentic xenon gas has a body of 5.761 kg/m3, about 4.5 times the apparent body of the Earth's atmosphere, 1.217 kg/m3.39 As a liquid, xenon has a body of up to 3.100 g/mL, with the body best occurring at the amateur point.40 Beneath the aforementioned conditions, the body of solid xenon, 3.640 g/cm3, is college than the boilerplate body of granite, 2.75 g/cm3.40 Using gigapascals of pressure, xenon has been affected into a brownish phase.41

Solid xenon changes from face-

centered cubic (fcc) to hexagonal abutting arranged (hcp) clear appearance beneath burden and begins to about-face brownish at about 140 GPa, with no apparent aggregate change in the hcp phase. It is absolutely brownish at 155 GPa. When metalized, xenon looks sky dejected because it absorbs red ablaze and transmits added arresting frequencies. Such behavior is abnormal for a metal and is explained by the almost baby widths of the electron bands in brownish xenon.4243

Occurrence and production

Xenon is acquired commercially as a byproduct of the break of air into oxygen and nitrogen. After this separation, about performed by apportioned beverage in a double-column plant, the aqueous oxygen produced will accommodate baby quantities of krypton and xenon. By added apportioned beverage steps, the aqueous oxygen may be accomplished to accommodate 0.1–0.2% of a krypton/xenon mixture, which is extracted either via adsorption assimilate silica gel or by distillation. Finally, the krypton/xenon admixture may be afar into krypton and xenon via distillation.4849 Extraction of a liter of xenon from the atmosphere requires 220 watt-hours of energy.50 Worldwide assembly of xenon in 1998 was estimated at 5,000–7,000 m3.51 Because of its low abundance, xenon is abundant added big-ticket than the lighter blue-blooded gases—

approximate prices for the acquirement of baby quantities in Europe in 1999 were 10 €/L for xenon, 1 €/L for krypton, and 0.20 €/L for neon.51



Within the Solar System, the nucleon atom of xenon is 1.56 × 10−8, for an affluence of one allotment in 64 actor of the absolute mass.52 Xenon is almost attenuate in the Sun's atmosphere, on Earth, and in asteroids and comets. The planet Jupiter has an almighty aerial affluence of xenon in its atmosphere; about 2.6 times as abundant as the Sun.53 This aerial affluence charcoal alien and may accept been acquired by an aboriginal and accelerated accretion of planetesimals—small, subplanetary bodies—before the presolar deejay began to calefaction up.54 (Otherwise, xenon would not accept been trapped in the planetesimal ices.) The botheration of the low earthbound xenon may potentially be explained by covalent bonding of xenon to oxygen aural quartz, appropriately abbreviation the outgassing of xenon into the atmosphere.55

Oxides and oxohalides

Three oxides of xenon are known: xenon trioxide (XeO3) and xenon tetroxide (XeO4), both of which are alarmingly atomic and able acerbic agents. Xenon dioxide (XeO2) was appear in 2011 with a allocation cardinal of four.87 XeO2 forms back xenon fluoride is caked over ice. Its clear anatomy may acquiesce it to alter silicon in silicate minerals.88 XeOO+ cation has been articular by bittersweet spectroscopy in solid argon.89

Clathrates and excimers

In accession to compounds area xenon forms a actinic bond, xenon can anatomy clathrates—substances area xenon atoms are trapped by the apparent filigree of addition compound. An archetype is xenon hydrate (Xe·5.75 H2O), area xenon atoms absorb vacancies in a filigree of baptize molecules.103 This clathrate has a melting point of 24 °C.104 The deuterated adaptation of this hydrate has additionally been produced.105 Such clathrate hydrates can action artlessly beneath altitude of aerial pressure, such as in Lake Vostok beneath the Antarctic ice sheet.106 Clathrate accumulation can be acclimated to fractionally distill xenon, argon and krypton.107



Xenon can additionally anatomy endohedral fullerene compounds, area a xenon atom is trapped central a fullerene molecule. The xenon atom trapped in the fullerene can be monitored via 129Xe nuclear alluring resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Using this technique, actinic reactions on the fullerene atom can be analyzed, due to the acuteness of the actinic about-face of the xenon atom to its environment. However, the xenon atom additionally has an cyberbanking access on the acuteness of the fullerene.108



While xenon atoms are at their arena activity state, they repel anniversary added and will not anatomy a bond. When xenon atoms becomes energized, however, they can anatomy an excimer (excited dimer) until the electrons acknowledgment to the arena state. This article is formed because the xenon atom tends to ample its exoteric cyberbanking shell, and can briefly do this by abacus an electron from a adjoining xenon atom. The archetypal lifetime of a xenon excimer is 1–5 ns, and the adulteration releases photons with wavelengths of about 150 and 173 nm.109110 Xenon can additionally anatomy excimers with added elements, such as the halogens bromine, chlorine and fluorine.111

Lasers

In 1962, a accumulation of advisers at Bell Laboratories apparent laser activity in xenon,118 and after begin that the laser accretion was bigger by abacus helium to the lasing medium.119120 The aboriginal excimer laser acclimated a xenon dimer (Xe2) activated by a axle of electrons to aftermath angry discharge at an ultraviolet amicableness of 176 nm.15 Xenon chloride and xenon fluoride accept additionally been acclimated in excimer (or, added accurately, exciplex) lasers.121 The xenon chloride excimer laser has been

employed, for example, in assertive dermatological uses.122